Environmental law
If you are living, working, or running a business in the Netherlands, you will come into contact with Dutch environmental law (milieurecht) sooner or later. Whether it’s a building project, waste disposal, noise levels, or industrial activities – environmental rules affect both private individuals and companies.
This article explains the basics of environmental law in the Netherlands, including how it is structured, what permits may be required, and what to do if there is a dispute with the authorities.
What is environmental law?
Environmental law (milieurecht) is the area of law that regulates the interaction between humans and their physical environment. It sets out rules to protect public health, nature, water, air quality, and soil – and aims to ensure sustainable development.
It covers a wide range of topics, including:
- emissions and air quality
- noise and light pollution
- waste management and recycling
- hazardous substances
- water discharge and groundwater protection
- nature conservation and protected species
- zoning and land use
- industrial activities and permits
Legal framework
Environmental law in the Netherlands is based on both national and European regulations. In 2024, a new law called the Environment and Planning Act (Omgevingswet) [1] came into force. This law combines dozens of previous environmental and planning laws into one system, making it easier to check what rules apply and where to get permits.
Other important rules include detailed regulations for specific activities and environmental standards that apply at local or national level. European rules on water, nature and emissions also apply directly in the Netherlands.
You can find official information and check if a permit is required via the Omgevingsloket [2], the government’s online platform for environmental and planning procedures.
When do you need a permit?
Some activities that affect the environment require prior approval from your municipality (gemeente) or province (provincie). Examples include:
- construction or renovation projects
- running a business that produces emissions or noise
- discharging waste into surface water
- cutting down protected trees
- storing hazardous materials
- changing the use of land or buildings
In many cases, you will need an environmental permit (omgevingsvergunning). Depending on the activity, an environmental assessment may also be required. You can apply online and check the status of your request through the Omgevingsloket.
Enforcement and compliance
Environmental rules are enforced by various authorities, such as your municipality, regional environmental agencies (omgevingsdiensten) or national inspectorates. These bodies can carry out checks, issue warnings or fines, and in serious cases stop activities or start legal proceedings.
If you receive a decision you disagree with – such as a fine or permit refusal – you can file an objection (bezwaar) and, if needed, appeal the decision in court. This falls under Dutch administrative law.
You can read more about this process in our article on administrative law in the Netherlands.
Environmental obligations for businesses
If you run a business, you may have extra environmental responsibilities depending on your activities. These might include:
- registering your energy use or emissions
- following rules on noise, odour, or waste
- handling hazardous substances correctly
- submitting environmental reports
- making your business more energy-efficient
Even small businesses must comply with environmental rules. Failing to do so can result in fines, delays in getting permits, or reputational damage. It is wise to check in advance which rules apply to your business sector.
Relation to planning and construction law
Environmental law is closely connected to Dutch planning and construction law. If you apply for a building permit, authorities will look at how your plans affect the environment – for example, in terms of emissions, traffic, or water use.
In some areas, especially near nature reserves or protected zones, extra assessments may be required. These rules aim to balance development with sustainability and environmental protection.
More information can be found in our article on real estate, planning and construction law.
Nature protection and sustainability
Environmental law in the Netherlands also supports the protection of nature and the environment for future generations. For example:
- special rules apply to protected species and nature areas (natuurgebieden)
- local and national governments promote green building and sustainable urban planning
- climate goals are supported through national energy and emissions policies
Many municipalities also provide support or subsidies for people and businesses that invest in sustainability – such as solar panels, insulation, or nature-friendly landscaping.
Conclusion
Environmental law in the Netherlands helps protect public health, nature, and quality of life. Whether you are building, renovating, starting a business or simply living in a regulated area, it is important to know what environmental rules apply to your situation.
If you are unsure, check with your municipality or use the Omgevingsloket to see whether you need a permit. And if you face a dispute or legal issue, professional legal support can help you navigate the system and understand your rights.
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Disclaimer: The information provided on this website is for general informational purposes only and is not legally binding. Although we strive for accuracy, the content may contain errors. If you notice any mistakes, please let us know by contacting us via the contact form located at the bottom of the page.
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References
[1] Government of the Netherlands, Environmental Act (Omgevingswet), wetten.overheid.nl, accessed on 06/19/2025
[2] Government of the Netherlands, Website of Environmental Desk (Omgevingsloket), omgevingswet.overheid.nl, accessed on 06/19/2025